Composition comprising crustacean gastrolith components and its use

ABSTRACT

Provided is a formulation containing amorphous or microcrystalline calcium carbonate finely interspersed with organic matter in a ratio of 10 parts of the carbonate per 1 to 3 parts of the organic matter, wherein the organic matter consists of chitin and polypeptide. The formulation is efficient in treating various pathological conditions, including proliferative diseases, neurological disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition of matter comprisingcalcium carbonate dispersed finely with organic matter consistingessentially of chitin and polypeptide. Pharmaceutical uses of saidcomposition of matter are provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has long been recognized that absorption and bioavalability of orallydelivered drugs and nutrients are affected by other co-deliveredcomponents. Some effects may seem obvious, such as binding of metals inchelates, but chemical and biological interactions among the components,comprising original components and the components joining the interplayin the body, are often too complex to allow explanations or predictionsof the observed phenomena. Metabolic, hormonal, and immunologicalprocesses may be influenced by both chemical composition and physicalstate of the delivered materials.

It has been, for example, shown that high doses of calcium do notnecessarily slow bone loss. In fact, some populations with high intakesof calcium also have high rates of osteoporosis, supposedly due to aneffect of high protein intake, whereas some African cultures consume nodairy products and typically get only 175 to 475 milligrams of calciumper day (800 mg is the U.S. RDA), but they have low rates ofosteoporosis.

WO 2005/115414 disclosed an orally-administrable composition comprisingstable amorphous calcium carbonate and its use in treating bonedisorders. The present invention aims at a composition of mattercomprising calcium carbonate dispersed in a lesser part of organicmatter consisting of chitin and polypeptide.

It is another object of this invention to provide pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising calcium carbonate dispersed in a lesser part oforganic matter consisting of chitin and polypeptide.

Other objects and advantages of present invention will appear asdescription proceeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composition of matter, comprising 100weight parts (wp) of calcium carbonate mixed finely with from 10 to 30wp of organic matter comprising from 90 to 99 wt % chitin and from 1 to10 wt % polypeptide. Said composition of matter, may further comprise upto 40 wp of inorganic salts other than calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and upto 30 wp of moisture per 100 wp of CaCO₃. In one preferred embodiment ofthe invention, said composition of matter originates from crustaceangastrolith. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, saidcomposition of matter originates from artificial mixture of CaCO₃,chitin, and polypeptide (Pp). Said composition preferably comprises 100wp of CaCO₃ and from 15 to 25 wp of organic matter essentiallyconsisting of chitin and polypeptide, which organic matter comprisesfrom about 95 to 99 wt % chitin and from 1 to 5 wt % polypeptide. Saidother salts are preferably selected from salts comprising magnesium,calcium, potassium, strontium, sodium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate,chloride, bromide, and fluoride, of course with the proviso that saidsalts do not simultaneously comprise calcium and carbonate, so as not toincrease the desired calcium carbonate amount.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical formulation fororal administration comprising the composition of matter describedabove. Said pharmaceutical formulation comprises calcium carbonate(CaCO₃) finely mixed with an organic matter essentially consisting ofchitin and polypeptide (Pp), wherein said organic matter and said CaCO₃are present in a ratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, and said Pp and said chitinare present in a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10, for treating conditionsassociated with calcium metabolism or calcium signaling. In a preferredembodiment, said pharmaceutical formulation originates from crustaceangastrolith. In another preferred embodiment, said pharmaceuticalformulation originates from artificial mixture of CaCO₃, chitin, and Pp.Said pharmaceutical formulation comprises CaCO₃ finely dispersed ormixed with an organic matter (Om) essentially consisting of chitin andPp, wherein said organic matter and said CaCO₃ are present in a ratio offrom 1/10 to 3/10, and said Pp and chitin are present in a ratio of from1/100 to 1/10, for treating conditions selected from the groupconsisting of pain, proliferative diseases, neurological disorders,immunologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases,nutritional disorders, reproductive disorders, musculoskeletaldisorders, and dental problems. Said treating may comprise mitigatingthe symptoms of the diseases. Said proliferative disease is selectedfrom sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas and melanomas. Said carcinoma ispreferably breast carcinoma or bronchogenic carcinoma. Said treating maycomprise shrinking tumors, stopping their growth, or slowing down orinhibiting the cell proliferation in the tumors. Said pain may beselected from postoperative pain, pain after injury, pain associatedwith cancer, and neuropathic pain. Said neurologic disorder may beselected from demyelinating diseases, dementias, and movement disorders;said disorders being, for example, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer'sdisease, Parkinson's disease, or other degenerative disease. Saidcondition may comprise a bone or bone marrow disorder, such as fractureor osteoporosis. In a preferred embodiment, a composition of theinvention is used for treating a neurodegenerative disorder.

The invention relates to the use of a composition of matter according tothe invention as a medicament. The invention also relates to the use ofthe composition of matter in the manufacture of a medicament fortreating cancer, or neurodegenerative disorders, or bone disorders andinjuries.

Provided is a novel method of treating cancer, comprising orallyadministering a composition of matter containing an organic matterfinely mixed with CaCO₃, said organic matter essentially consisting ofchitin and Pp, wherein said organic matter and CaCO₃ are present in aratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, and wherein said Pp and chitin are presentin a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10. Provided is also a novel method oftreating a degenerative disorder, comprising orally administering acomposition of matter containing an organic matter finely mixed withCaCO₃, said organic matter essentially consisting of chitin and Pp,wherein said organic matter and CaCO₃ are present in a ratio of from1/10 to 3/10, and wherein said Pp and chitin are present in a ratio offrom 1/100 to 1/10. Further a method for managing pain is provided,comprising orally administering a composition of matter containing anorganic matter (Om) finely mixed with CaCO₃, said Om essentiallyconsisting of chitin and Pp, wherein said organic matter and CaCO₃ arepresent in a ratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, and wherein said Pp and chitinare present in a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10, preferably from 1/100 to1/20. Finally, a method for treating a bone disorder or injury isprovided, comprising orally administering a composition of mattercontaining an organic matter finely mixed with CaCO₃, said organicmatter essentially consisting of chitin and Pp, wherein said organicmatter and CaCO₃ are present in a ratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, andwherein said Pp and chitin are present in a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10.In said methods of managing pain and of treating cancer, degenerativedisorders, bone disorders and injuries, said composition according tothe invention is administered orally in daily doses of from about 0.5 toabout 5 g.

The invention is directed to a method of preparing the composition ofmatter comprising 100 weight parts (wp) of calcium carbonate mixedfinely with from 10 to 30 wp of organic matter comprising from 90 to 99wt % chitin and from 1 to 10 wt % polypeptide, which method comprises i)providing a material containing CaCO₃ and organic matter (Om), whereinthe mass ratio Om/CaCO₃ is between 1/10 and 3/10, and wherein said Omconsists essentially of chitin and Pp, the mass ratio Pp/chitin beingbetween 1/100 and 1/10; ii) homogenizing the mixture if necessary, andiii) adjusting water content in the mixture to be from 10 to 30 wp per100 wp CaCO₃. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, said materialcontaining CaCO₃ and Om in above step i) is obtained from biologicalsource. In another embodiment, said material containing CaCO₃ and Om instep i) is an artificial mixture of the components. Said biologicalsource may be an organ or a body part of a crustacean, preferablyselected from decapods. Said method of the invention, comprises thesteps of i) providing a material containing CaCO₃, and Om consistingessentially of chitin and Pp, wherein the mass ratio Om/CaCO₃ is between1/10 and 3/10, and the mass ratio Pp/chitin is between 1/100 and 1/10;optionally adjusting water content in the mixture up to 30 wp per 100 wpCaCO₃; iii) optionally adjusting the content of inorganic salts otherthan CaCO₃ in the mixture up to 40 wp per 100 wp of CaCO₃; and iv)homogenizing the mixture to obtain a fine dispersion. Said embodimentemploying a biological source may comprise the steps of i) selectingcrayfish, monitoring and optionally inducing the formation ofgastrolith; harvesting developed gastroliths; iii) drying saidgastroliths in hot air until only about 20 parts of water per 100 partsof CaCO₃ is retained; and iv) grinding said dried gastroliths. Saidembodiment employing an artificial mixture, may comprise, in onepossible procedure but without being limited to it, the steps of i)dispersing calcium hydroxide in water; ii) optionally admixing sodiumand/or potassium phosphate; iii) saturating the dispersion with carbondioxide while adding chitin and polypeptide; iv) centrifuging thesuspension; v) discarding a part of the supernatant; and vi) drying thepart of the dispersion containing the sediment until only about 20 partsof water per 100 parts of CaCO₃ is retained.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that a composition of matter, comprising 100weight parts (wp) of calcium carbonate mixed with about 20 wp of organicmatter consisting of chitin and a lesser amount of polypeptide, whenorally administered to patients suffering from proliferative orneurodegenerative diseases, has a surprisingly positive effect on thecourse of the disease. Particularly, a composition originating fromcrustacean gastrolith, comprising per 100 wp of calcium carbonate about20 wp of organic matter consisting of chitin and polypeptide, and whichfurther contained about 30 wp of additional inorganic salts and 20 wp ofmoisture, exhibited healing or mitigating effects in the patients withproliferative disorders. For example, in the trials comprising advancedcancer cases, a daily dose of 1.5 g of the above said gastrolith-basedcomposition led to dramatic effects on the patients' state. Withinseveral days, the pain decrease was reported by the patients, and incontinued treatments, the changes included improved blood tests andremissions of the metastatic tumors. In other trials, patients sufferingfrom advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibited improvements when beingdaily administered around 1 g of the said composition, wherein thebenign effects included improved cognitive abilities and increasedphysical activity, and further included mitigation effects on thepatients suffering from chronic pains, particularly bone pains.

The composition of matter according to the invention has been found tomitigate pains in a diverse group of conditions, comprising boneweakening and injuries, the subjectively improved state of the patientsbeing accompanied by impressive laboratory findings. In a diverse groupof cases comprising conditions associated with wounded or weakenedbones, daily doses of about 0.8 to 1.5 g of a composition according tothe invention administered during experimental periods of from days tomonths accelerated healing of bone fractures, and generally improvedlaboratory tests, the observed effects including, e.g., increased bonedensity in osteoporosis.

The invention thus relates to a composition of matter comprising 100weight parts (wp) of calcium carbonate mixed with from 10 to 30 wp oforganic matter consisting of chitin and polypeptide, and to the use ofsaid composition in managing chronic pain and in treating conditionscomprising chronic pain. Amazingly, while alleviating the pain, thecomposition of the invention additionally contributes to healing theunderlying causative factor, such as a proliferative disease, or tomitigating the accompanying main disorder, such as Alzheimer disease.When trying to understand such unexpected effects, an important role ofcalcium in the regulation of all bodily functions must be taken intoconsideration. Calcium forms up to 5% of the solids in the human body,and beside structural functions in the bones, it has many importantregulatory and signaling functions, as indicated by, in view of itstotal amount incredibly low, intracellular calcium ion concentrations ofabout 10⁻⁷ M. Calcium ions, being an intracellular signal transducer,participate in controlling muscle contraction, releasingneurotransmitters, secreting hormones, regulating cell motility andmitosis, and affecting gene expression. Calcium signaling stands at thebeginning of the life when participating at the egg fertilization, andit stands at its end when the cells die of apoptotic death.

No wonder, that calcium is implicated in many disorders, even if thepathogenesis is obscure. For example, analyses of brain tissue from ADpatients suggested that alterations in cellular calcium homeostasis areassociated with the neurodegenerative process. In view of the immenserole calcium plays, no simple explanation of all the effects observedafter its oral administration can be given, especially when administeredtogether with other components. As mentioned above, both chemical andphysical state of an orally administered material may affect theresults; calcium carbonate is a quickly available form of calcium, inview of acidic stomach environment, especially when amorphous carbonateis provided, such as carbonate originating from crustacean gastroliths.Furthermore, in a composition of the invention, there are from 10 to 30weight parts of chitin and polypeptide per 100 weight parts of calciumcarbonate, and it can be hardly assessed how the finely admixed organiccomponent affects the behavior of administered calcium. As thecomponents originating from the composition of the invention travelthrough the alimentary tract, chitin and protein molecules may exhibitocclusive effects on amorphous micro particles or on microcrystals ofcalcium carbonate, or they may show chelating effects, and the types ofeventual interactions will change also according to the changing pH andthe presence of digestion factors along the tract, wherein variousmaterials may possibly bind calcium ions, including, for example, bileacids, proteins originating from the administered composition, proteinsoriginating in the body, etc. Furthermore, while attempting tounderstand the broad effects of the apparently so simple compositions ofthe invention, the role of the organic macromolecules in finelydispersing the calcium carbonate particles must be taken into account.Chitin may have additional effects, as indicated in various reportsshowing biological activities of chitin, an example being US2004/0234614, which describes an immunomodulating effect of inhaledchitin particles. Therefore, without committing themselves to anyparticular theory, the inventors believe that surprising benign activityof the composition according to the invention may result from concurrenteffects of the fine dispersion of inorganic calcium and organicmacromolecules, of the mixture of chitin and polypeptide moleculesinterspersed with amorphous or microcrystalline calcium carbonate, andof the consistence of chitin interwoven in an inorganic/organic web ofcalcium carbonate with polypeptide. There may be other factorscontributing to the final effects of the materials of the invention,but, however theoretically interesting they are, the mutual interactionsof the components, their description, or the involved mechanisms are, ofcourse, not a part of the invention.

The composition of matter according to the invention comprises calciumcarbonate homogeneously mixed, and finely dispersed, with an organicmatter consisting of chitin and polypeptide. If not specified otherwise,whenever the term “calcium carbonate” (CaCO₃) is used in thespecification, the intended meaning is a finely dispersed material ofCaCO₃ or a fine particular CaCO₃ material; whenever the term “chitin” isused, the intended meaning is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide ofany origin comprising [1-4]-β-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; wheneverthe term “protein” or “polypeptide” is used in connection with thecomposition of the invention, the intended meaning is any polypeptide orany mixture of polypeptides that is pharmaceutically acceptable for oraladministration. When relating to fine mixing, such homogenization ismeant, which provides a mixture in which the original components aremixed down to the level of nanoparticles. The terms “water” and“moisture” are used interchangeably when relating to the composition ofmatter of the invention. Said organic matter in the composition ofmatter according to the invention comprises chitin and polypeptide in atotal amount of from 10 to 30 weight parts per 100 weight parts ofcalcium carbonate, and in a ratio of polypeptide/chitin of from 0.01 to0.1, preferably said total amount is from 15 to 25 wp, and said ratio isfrom 0.01 to 0.05. The composition of matter according to the inventionmay further comprise inorganic salts other than calcium carbonate in anamount of up to 40 wp per 100 wp of calcium carbonate, and moisture inan amount of up to 30 wp per 100 wp of calcium carbonate.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a composition of matter defined above. The pharmaceuticalformulation of the invention comprises CaCO₃, chitin and polypeptide ina total amount of from 10 to 30 wp per 100 wp of said CaCO₃, water up to30 wt per 100 wp, and may further comprise additional inorganic salts,as well as components used in pharmaceutical formulations to provide adesired consistency, such as a carrier, binding agent, or diluent,provided that the component is inert and in no way affects the chemicalor physical properties of the active components that are relevant fortheir therapeutic activities. For the sake of brevity, the abovementioned components intended to provide a desired consistency to thepharmaceutical formulation are herein called “a filler” or “filler”. Ina preferred embodiment, a composition of matter according to theinvention is pressed into tablets without any filler. Optionally,additional pharmaceutically active agent may be present in a formulationaccording to the invention, for specific indications, wherein saidadditional agent may be selected, for example, from antiviral,antifungal, antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory orimmunomodulatory, antineoplastic, and analgesic agents.

The invention provides a composition of matter comprising CaCO₃ finelymixed with chitin and polypeptide for use as a pharmaceutical. The ratioof the organic matter to calcium carbonate in said composition of matteris between 10 to 30 wp organic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃, wherein saidcomposition of matter comprises water up to 30 wt per 100 wp CaCO₃, andmay further comprise additional inorganic salts up to 40 wp per 100 wpof CaCO₃.

In one aspect, the invention provides a composition of matter fortreating a proliferative disease selected from sarcomas, carcinomas,lymphomas and melanomas. For example, the current treatments availablefor bronchogenic carcinoma include surgery, radiation therapy, andchemotherapy. While being the leading cause of cancer death among men(32%) and women (25%) [The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy,17^(th) Ed., 1999], the said condition has a poor prognosis, and areally urgent need is felt for additional treatments which would improvethe prospects, or, at least, mitigate the most distressing symptoms,including pains. Frequently found symptoms comprise bone pains. Cancerpain syndromes may be caused by tumors invading bone or soft tissues,compressing or infiltrating nerves, or obstructing a hollow viscus, orthey may follow therapy. The composition of matter according to theinvention was demonstrated to improve the state of patients with lungcancer. Furthermore, the composition according to the invention wasfound to mitigate bone pain associated with the proliferative diseases.Particularly a composition originating from crustacean gastrolith,comprising CaCO₃ finely mixed with chitin and polypeptide, wherein theratio of the organic matter to calcium carbonate in said composition wasabout 20 wp pf the organic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃, said matterconsisting essentially of chitin and protein and further containingabout 30 wp of inorganic salts and about 20 wp of moisture per 100 wpCaCO₃, was found to cause tumors shrinkage at a daily dose of 0.5-2.0 g.

Among the most frequently occurring proliferative diseases there arebreast carcinomas, afflicting one woman in eight. Although showing abetter prognosis than lung cancer, many complications frequently appear,including drug toxicity and adverse effects, wherein some women do notrespond to standard therapies. Again, the treatment may include surgery,radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, eventually accompanied by endocrinetherapy. However, breast cancers require that more treatment elements besimultaneously or subsequently employed. When, for example, includingchemotherapy, combination regimens should be used. In any case,palliative treatment is usually necessary, as well as treatments ofsecondary problems, which problems may comprise trauma, intoxication,post-radiation symptoms, secondary infections, etc. If metastasesdevelop, the current treatments offer an increase of median survivalonly by 3 to 6 months. The need of new drugs is felt [The Merck Index,Ibid., page 1982]. A composition of matter according to the inventionwas demonstrated to improve the state of patients with breast cancermetastasized to other organs, wherein the improvements includedshrinkage of the tumors, increase of the bone mass, renewal of nailgrowth after the radiation therapy, improved laboratory blood values.Particularly, a composition of matter according to the inventionoriginating from crustacean gastrolith, comprising CaCO₃ finely mixedwith chitin and polypeptide, wherein the ratio of the organic matter tocalcium carbonate in said composition was about 20 wp of the organicmatter per 100 wp CaCO₃, said matter consisting essentially of chitinand protein and further containing about 20 wp water about 30 wpinorganic salts per 100 wp CaCO₃, was shown to be very effective inamounts up to 2.0 g daily. Importantly, the administration of acomposition of the invention surprisingly affects simultaneously avariety of diagnostic parameters and symptoms, including the pain—whichis alleviated. The current treatments are strongly invasive, and oftenlead to trauma and even injury, such as, for example, rib fractures insome patients after radiation therapy [Ibid., page 1979], and thecomposition of the invention may amazingly contribute even in thesecases, since it promotes bone healing. Furthermore, since thecomposition of the invention was found to have palliative effects, andespecially alleviating effects on bone pains, in a variety of disorders,it will be very helpful also in the complex treatments of breastcancers, in which many analgesics have adverse effects, and some areinefficient.

In another aspect of the invention, a composition of matter is providedfor treating a neurological disorder, such as pain, and dementia orother neurodegenerative disorders. An example of dementia is Alzheimerdisease, of which occurrence above the age of 60 increases nearlylinearly with the increasing age, accounting for more than 65% of thedementias in the elderly [Ibid.]. No effective treatments are knownagainst the disease that gradually destroys cognitive functions andfinally leads to severe complications and restrictions in physicalactivities. The composition of matter according to the invention,comprising CaCO₃ dispersed in an organic matter consisting essentiallyof chitin and polypeptide, wherein the ratio of the organic matter tocalcium carbonate in said composition is between 10 and 30 wp of theorganic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃ was found to mitigate the symptoms ofAlzheimer's disease. Particularly, a composition originating fromcrustacean gastrolith, comprising CaCO₃ finely mixed with organic matterconsisting essentially of chitin and polypeptide, wherein the ratio ofthe organic matter to calcium carbonate in said composition was about 20wp of the organic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃, and further containing about20 wp water and about 30 wp inorganic salts per 100 wp CaCO₃, was foundto mitigate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in patients who wereadministered a daily dose of from 0.8 to 1.5 g, the benign effectsincluding improved cognitive abilities and increased physical activity;and, importantly, in patients with chronic pains, palliative effects ofsaid composition was observed.

Neurological disorders include pain. Pain is sometimes a symptom of awell defined underlying disease or cause, such as cancer orpostoperative pain, and sometimes it is a problem occurring without aclear reason, such as neuropathic pain. Chronic pain may develop, forexample, after injury. The existing treatments include administration ofanalgesics, antidepressants, or anesthetics, which may be, however,inefficient or may have adverse effects, and therefore new treatmentsare needed. The composition of matter according to the inventionmitigated pain in diverse cases, and therefore are believed to be anon-harmful alternative for pain managing. Calcium carbonate finelymixed with organic matter consisting essentially of chitin andpolypeptide may hardly present a toxic challenge, when orallyadministered. Particularly, a gastrolith-derived composition accordingto the invention, in which the ratio of the organic matter to calciumcarbonate in said composition is about 20 wp of the organic matter per100 wp CaCO₃, further containing about 20 wp water and 30 wp inorganicsalts, was found to alleviate pain in patients with different diagnosticstates, particularly bone pain, when administered at several daily doses(within a week) of about 1-1.5 g (depending on the weight and age of thepatient).

In still another aspect of the invention, a composition of matter isprovided for treating a bone or bone marrow disorder, including fractureor osteoporosis. The bone formation in humans surpasses or equals boneresorption till the age of about 45 years, followed by a period of thenet loss of about 0.5% per year; women may experience up to tenfoldhigher rate of bone loss during several years after menopause. Thepatients often suffer from pain in the bones or muscles, fractures maydevelop. Consumption of 1 to 1.5 g calcium daily is recommended. Thecomposition of matter according to the invention, comprising CaCO₃finely mixed with organic matter, consisting essentially of chitin andpolypeptide dispersed in CaCO₃, wherein the ratio of the organic matterto calcium carbonate in said composition of from 10 to 30 wp of theorganic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃ was found to improve the state ofpatients suffering from osteoporosis. Particularly, a compositionoriginating from crustacean gastrolith, comprising CaCO₃ finely mixedwith organic matter consisting essentially of chitin and polypeptide,wherein the ratio of the organic matter to calcium carbonate in saidcomposition was about 20 wp of the organic matter per 100 wp CaCO₃, andfurther containing about 20 wp water and about 30 wp inorganic salts,was found to mitigate the osteoporosis symptoms when administered at adaily dose of about 0.5 g; bone loss was stopped, while 1.5 g led toimprovements comprising the increase of the bone density measured in thespine. The composition of the invention accelerated healing of bonefractures.

As explained, the invention provides a method of treating a conditionselected from the group consisting of proliferative diseases,neurological diseases, bone disorders, and chronic pain, which methodcomprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of matterconsisting of calcium carbonate, chitin and polypeptide, wherein themass ratio of the organic matter to calcium carbonate is from 1/10 to3/10, and the mass ratio of polypeptide to chitin is from 1/100 to 1/10.Preferably, said composition further comprises water in an amount of upto 30 weight parts and inorganic salts in an amount of up to 40 weightparts per 100 parts of CaCO₃. The composition is preferably administeredin one dose every day during a period sufficient for achieving animprovement of symptoms or healing of underlying causes associated withsaid condition. Based on the above findings, the present inventionprovides a means for treating or mitigating a disorder associated withcalcium metabolism, or calcium signaling. The conditions implicated withcalcium metabolism or signaling comprise immunologic and proliferative,neurological, cardiovascular and pulmonary, nutritional,musculoskeletal, and dental problems. Said proliferative conditionsinclude cancers; and said treating or mitigating may comprise shrinkinga tumor or preventing the proliferation of carcinogenic cells in saidtumor. Said neurological conditions include neurodegenerativedemyelinating diseases, such as MS, and dementias, such as AD, andmovement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. An advantage of thecomposition of matter according to the invention is harmlessness of itscomponents, which are a part of natural materials, sometimes even beingconsumed. The toxicity measurements confirmed the safety of thecomposition of matter for oral administration. Therapeutic daily dosesof from 0.5 g to 2 g of the compositions have been found useful inspecific cases, but in view of the low toxicity, the doses may beincreased when needed, as a skilled person will appreciate.

The invention relates to a composition of matter, and the use thereof inthe preparation of a medicament, mimicking certain features of thecomposition of crustacean gastrolith, comprising calcium carbonatefinely mixed or dispersed with an organic matter which essentiallyconsists of chitin and polypeptide (Pp), wherein the mass ratio(chitin+Pp)/CaCO₃ is between 1/10 and 3/10, and the mass ratio Pp/chitinis between 1/100 and 1/10, preferably between 1/100 and 1/20. Thecomposition of the invention may comprise moisture up to about 30 massparts per 100 mass parts of CaCO₃, and it may further comprise inorganicsalts other than calcium carbonate up to about 40 mass parts per 100mass parts of CaCO₃. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, saidCaCO₃ is essentially amorphous. Said other salts may comprise, forexample, cations selected from magnesium, potassium, strontium, andsodium, and anions selected from carbonate, phosphate, sulfate,chloride, bromide, and fluoride; the terms anion and cation are used tosimply describe the salt composition, without implying anything aboutthe solubility of the salts. If said calcium carbonate is amorphous, theanalytical indications, IR and X-ray, as disclosed in WO 2005/115414 areobtained. It is known that some salts, such as phosphates, may supportthe amorphous state of calcium carbonate. Said composition of theinvention may be prepared by homogenizing a mixture containing 100weight parts of calcium carbonate, and from 10 to 30 weight parts oforganic matter consisting essentially of chitin and polypeptide,optionally further including in said mixture up to 30 weight parts ofwater and up to 40 parts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic saltsother than CaCO₃, wherein said homogenizing achieves fine dispersion ofall components, the calcium carbonate preferably appearing as amorphousor microcrystalline. Alternatively, said composition of the inventionmay be obtained from biological source, for example from crustaceanwhich in certain organs or body parts contain calcium carbonate and saidorganic matter. Said crustaceans preferably include the order ofdecapods, represented, for example, by crayfish. Said body part maycomprise gastrolith or parts of exoskeleton, preferably of a crayfish,for example Cherax quadricarinatus.

The invention provides a method of preparing a composition of mattercomprising calcium carbonate finely mixed or dispersed with an organicmatter (Om) which essentially consists of chitin and Pp, comprising i)providing a material containing CaCO₃, chitin, and Pp, wherein the massratio Om/CaCO₃ is between 1/10 and 3/10, and the mass ratio Pp/chitin isbetween 1/100 and 1/10; optionally adjusting water content in themixture up to 30 wp per 100 wp CaCO₃; optionally adjusting the contentof inorganic salts other than CaCO₃ in the mixture up to 40 wp per 100wp of CaCO₃; iv) homogenizing the mixture to obtain a fine dispersion.Said homogenizing may comprise stirring, grinding, or milling. Saidwater adjusting may include drying at higher temperatures or at lowerair pressures. In a preferred embodiment, said method of the inventioncomprises selecting crayfish and monitoring, and optionally inducing,the formation of gastrolith, harvesting developed gastroliths, dryingthem in hot air, and grinding, thereby to obtain the composition of theinvention. In other preferred embodiment, said method of the inventioncomprises dispersing calcium hydroxide in water, optionally with smalleramounts of sodium and/or potassium phosphate, and saturating thesuspension with carbon dioxide while adding chitin and polypeptide,centrifuging the suspension, and drying the sediments with a part of thesupernatant, thereby to obtain the composition of the invention. Askilled person can calculate the amounts of the components so as toobtain the desired ratios. Said polypeptide may be selected from solubleand insoluble proteins, acceptable for oral administration.

Examples Example 1

Gastroliths of Cherax quadricarinatus were prepared as described [WO2005/115414]. Dried gastroliths containing about 20 parts of water per100 parts of CaCO₃ were ground to yield a composition of matteraccording to the invention, denoted CM1 hereinafter. Pharmaceuticalformulation according to the invention were obtained by pressing CM1into tablets according to the methods already described [Ibid].

The toxicity of CM1 was determined on rats (Harlan Biotech Israel,Rehovot). A daily dose of 65 mg CM1 per 1 kg body weight caused nomortality, or any noticeable clinical signs, and all laboratory valueswere normal during the whole period of 14 days.

Example 2

74 g calcium hydroxide was suspended and stirred in about 250 mldistilled water, carbon dioxide was bubbled into the suspension whileadding the following components: 5 g Na₂HPO₄, 5 g KH₂PO₄, 18 g finelymilled crab shell chitin, 4 g BSA. After saturating with CO₂, the volumeof the suspension was adjusted to 400 ml with water, and the suspensionwas centrifuged. 200 ml of supernatant was discarded, and the residualvolume comprising the sediment was homogenized and dried to reach themoisture of 13% and ground to obtain a composition of matter accordingto the invention, denoted CM2.

Example 3

Tablets prepared as described in Example 1, containing 0.5 g CM1, wereadministered to five AD patients. The patients got 0.5-2.0 g daily. Thepositive response followed within several days, chronic pains decreasedwithin from four to seven days, cognitive abilities and physicalactivity of the patients increased within about one week.

Example 4

Tablets prepared as described in Example 1, containing 0.5 g CM1, wereadministered to provide 0.5-2.0 g in one dose to three patientssuffering from advanced breast cancers with metastasis in other organs.Positive results related to general feeling and pain were reported afterseveral days, and the state of the patients continued to improve duringthe whole treatment period, seven months till now. Tumors in the organshave gradually shrunk, reaching less than 50% in lungs, nearlydisappearing in bones, and totally disappearing in liver. The bonedensity increased. In one of the patients, chemotherapy destroyed hernails, and following the treatment according to the invention, the nailsstarted to grow again. Laboratory values, including blood parameters,and calcium, improved. A few days after the start of the treatment, thepatients reported a substantial decrease of pain, constipation wasobserved and treated in two patients.

Example 5

A woman patient suffering from breast cancer, with metastasis in lungsand liver and bones from the time of diagnosis four years ago, hadunderwent chemotherapy and hormonal therapy which was non-responsive,and was replaced by a monthly treatment with aromasin with aredia a yearago. For several months before starting the treatment with 2 g CM1 dailyshe had been suffering from cramps in hands and strong pains during thenights, she had been having problems with performing normal home work,objects falling out of her hands. Due to the use of aredia she hadexhibited low calcium values (7.1 mg %) even though she had beenobtaining calcium additive (Vita Cal). The calcium additive was stoppedafter starting the treatment with a composition according to theinvention.

A month after having started with daily doses of 2 g CM1, the patienthas exhibited an improvement in the calcium value (9.3 mg %). The painsand cramps have ceased, her sleep is better, her performance hasimproved immensely (the first time in three years she has managed toprepare dough, etc.). She is stronger and can walk better, and she doesnot need pain killers. The last CT test has shown a stabilization in thestatus of bone and liver growth, and a tendency to an improvement in thebreast and lungs growth.

Example 6

Four patients suffering from osteoporosis, age 55-78 years were dailyadministered tablets of CM1. One patient was receiving a daily dose of0.5 g during four months with no changes in her situation. Otherpatient, receiving 1.5 g daily for 5 weeks, showed increase in bonedensity (the results were compared to the situation 4 years ago beforeosteoporosis). One patient (72 years old) was receiving 0.8 g daily for2 months, and 1.5 g daily for 2 months. The bone density measured in thespine increased substantially (up to 13% in several regions of thebone). An improvement in the activity of thyroid gland was reported inone of the patients.

Example 7

Three patients, afflicted with several types of bone fracturescomprising pelvis, back and foot (man age 40), leg (age 9), finger(woman age 40) respectively, were administered tablets CM1 for up to twoweeks. The finger broken in two regions was treated for a week to a fullhealing. Pelvis, back and foot fractures in one wounded patient took sixweeks to full recovery when taking 1.5 g daily for two weeks from thesecond week, whereas the initial estimation by the doctors of therecovery time was up to about six months. The patient with a broken legtook 0.5 g CM1 daily and experienced pain reduction within tree days,and full recovery after a week (estimated by the doctors to take threeweeks).

Example 8

A woman patient, age 50, having been treated for nearly twenty yearswith antidepressants, and methadone or related drugs developed kidneyproblems, and further serious problems with her mandibular bone. After amonth treatment with about 1.5 gram dried gastrolith a day, the patientwas feeling better, increased her body weight, and stopped usingantidepressants and methadone. The state of her mandibular bonesubstantially improved.

Example 9

Five groups of rats, each consisting of five females, were fed on normalgranular food. The animals in groups (1) and (2) were ovarectomized atthe age of one month, the animals in group (3) were only incised to openabdomen without ovarectomy—to serve as a control group. After theoperation, group (1) received food enriched with 1.2 wt % driedgastrolith, group (2) received food enriched with the correspondingamount of crystalline calcium carbonate, and group (3) receivednon-enriched food. The animals were sacrificed six weeks after theoperation.

The following parameters were checked: total body weight; blood values,including calcium, phosphate, estradiol; mass of femur and tibia afterthe animals' sacrifice; femur and tibia histology; the mass of femur andtibia ashes (800° C., 12 hours); and Ca and Mg contents in the ashes.

While the body weight was not much affected by different types oftreatments among the groups, higher estradiol in the control group(“sham operation”) suggested that the ovarectomized animals may serve asan osteoporosis model. The animals obtaining gastrolith in their foodshowed higher mass of the bones, higher mass of the ashes, and highercontents of both calcium and magnesium in the ashes, when compared withthe animals receiving crystalline calcium carbonate.

While this invention has been described in terms of some specificexamples, many modifications and variations are possible. It istherefore understood that within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be realized otherwise than as specifically described.

1-39. (canceled)
 40. A method for treating a condition associated withcalcium metabolism or calcium signaling selected from the groupconsisting of pain, proliferative diseases, neurological disorders,immunologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases,nutritional disorders, reproductive disorders, musculoskeletaldisorders, and dental problems, comprising orally administering apharmaceutical formulation comprising calcium carbonate (CaCO3) finelymixed with an organic matter (Om) essentially consisting of chitin andpolypeptide (Pp), wherein said Om and said CaCO3 are present in a ratioof from 1/10 to 3/10, and said Pp and chitin are present in a ratio offrom 1/100 to 1/10.
 41. A method according to claim 40, wherein saidtreating comprises mitigating the symptoms.
 42. A method according toclaim 40, wherein said proliferative disease is selected from sarcomas,carcinomas, lymphomas and melanomas.
 43. A method according to claim 42,wherein said carcinoma is breast carcinoma or bronchogenic carcinoma.44. A method according to claim 40, wherein said treating comprisesslowing down or inhibiting the cell proliferation in a tumor.
 45. Amethod according to claim 40, wherein said pain is selected frompostoperative pain, pain after injury, pain associated with cancer, andneuropathic pain.
 46. A method according to claim 40, wherein saidneurologic disorder is selected from demyelinating diseases, dementias,and movement disorders.
 47. A method according to claim 40, wherein saidcondition is a degenerative disease selected from multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
 48. A method according toclaim 40, wherein said condition comprises a bone associated disorderselected from the group consisting of bone marrow disorder, fracture,and osteoporosis.
 49. A method according to claim 40, wherein saidcondition is a neurodegenerative disorder.
 50. A method according toclaim 40, comprising treating degenerative disorders, comprising orallyadministering a composition of matter containing an Om finely mixed withCaCO3, said Om essentially consisting of chitin and Pp, wherein said Omand CaCO3 are present in a ratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, and wherein saidPp and chitin are present in a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10.
 51. A methodaccording to claim 40, comprising managing pain, comprising orallyadministering a composition of matter containing an Om finely mixed withCaCO3, said Om essentially consisting of chitin and Pp, wherein said Omand CaCO₃ are present in a ratio of from 1/10 to 3/10, and wherein saidPp and chitin are present in a ratio of from 1/100 to 1/10.
 52. A methodaccording to claim 40, wherein said composition is administered orallyin daily doses of from about 0.5 to about 3 g.
 53. A method of preparingsaid pharmaceutical formulation of claim 40, comprising i) providing amaterial containing amorphous or microcrystalline CaCO3 and organicmatter (Om), wherein the mass ratio Om/CaCO3 is between 1/10 and 3/10,and wherein said Om consists essentially of chitin and Pp, the massratio Pp/chitin being between 1/100 and 1/10; and ii) adjusting watercontent in the mixture to be from 10 to 30 wp per 100 wp CaCO3.
 54. Amethod according to claim 53, wherein said material containing CaCO3 andOm in step i) is obtained from biological source.
 55. A method ofaccording to claim 53, wherein said material containing CaCO3 and Om instep i) is an artificial mixture of the components.
 56. A method ofaccording to claim 54, wherein said source is an organ or a body part ofa crustacean.
 57. A method of according to claim 53, comprising i)providing a material containing CaCO3, and Om consisting essentially ofchitin and Pp, wherein the mass ratio Om/CaCO3 is between 1/10 and 3/10,and the mass ratio Pp/chitin is between 1/100 and 1/10; ii) optionallyadjusting water content in the mixture up to 30 wp per 100 wp CaCO3;iii) optionally adjusting the content of inorganic salts other thanCaCO3 in the mixture up to 40 wp per 100 wp of CaCO3; and iv)homogenizing the mixture to obtain a fine dispersion.
 58. A method ofaccording to claim 54, comprising i) selecting crayfish, monitoring andoptionally inducing the formation of gastrolith; ii) harvestingdeveloped gastroliths; iii) drying said gastroliths in hot air untilonly about 20 parts of water per 100 parts of CaCO3 is retained; and iv)grinding said dried gastroliths.
 59. A method of according to claim 57,comprising i) dispersing calcium hydroxide in water; ii) optionallyadmixing sodium and/or potassium phosphate; iii) saturating thedispersion with carbon dioxide while adding chitin and polypeptide; iv)centrifuging the suspension; v) discarding a part of the supernatant;and vi) drying the part of the dispersion containing the sediment untilonly about 20 parts of water per 100 parts of CaCO3 is retained.